大毛之爸

名词解释


English Renaissance:英国文艺复兴
A great cultural movement that swept over the British Isles in the 15th and 16th centuries, which reached its top in literature in the dramatic works of William Shakespeare. This period, emphasizing creative spirit and humanistic ideals, is the golden age of English literature.
一场于15、16世纪横扫英国的文化运动，在莎士比亚的剧作中达到其顶峰。这个时代强调的是创造精神与人文主义理想，也是英国文学的黄金时代。

Neoclassicism:新古典主义（时期）
Mainly spanning the 18th century, this period is characterized in reason, polish and good taste. Representative writers of this period are John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift and Samuel Johnson. They usually write poetry in heroic couplets, a polished iambic pentameter line.
主要跨越了18世纪，这一时期的特征是理性，优美和品味。这一时期的代表性作家由约翰"德莱顿、亚历山大"蒲柏、乔纳森"斯威夫特和萨缪尔"约翰逊。他们通常以英雄双行体创作诗歌，这是一种经过推敲的五步抑扬格诗行。

Romanticism:浪漫主义（时期）
This brief period began in about 1798 with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge and ended in 1832 with the deaths of most of major romantic poets. The romantic age stressed emotion over reason, and its greatest poets, including also Byron, Shelly and Keats, turned to nature and their inward self for inspiration.
这个为时较短时期大约开始于1798年，当时威廉"华兹华斯和萨缪尔"柯勒律治合作出版了《抒情歌谣集》，而结束于1832年，这一年大多数浪漫主义诗人都去世了（或不再创作了）。浪漫主义时代强调情感胜过理智，而其最伟大的诗人，除以上提及的两位以外还包括拜伦、雪莱和济慈，重新转向大自然与他们的内心世界寻求灵感。

Victorian Period:维多利亚时代
This age covered approximately the same time span as the reign of Queen Victoria I did. Literary realism and the novel became the dominant theme and form of literature in this period. Great novelists of this age include Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, George Meredith and Thomas Hardy.
这一时期大概覆盖了维多利亚女王一世的统治时期。这一时期的文学现实主义和小说成了内容和形式的主流。这一时期的伟大小说家包括查尔斯"狄更斯、威廉"萨克雷、乔治"爱略特、乔治"梅瑞狄斯和托马斯"哈代等人。

Modernism:现代主义（时期）
Modernism as a literary period in English literature began roughly with the emergence of the aesthetes in the 1890’s and went onward till the middle of the 20th century. Among the greatest modernist writers are Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, Henry James, James Joyce and W. B. Yeats.
英国文学中的现代主义时期大约随1890年代唯美主义者的出现而开始，直到20世纪中叶。最伟大的现代主义作家包括埃兹拉"庞德、托"斯"爱略特、亨利"詹姆斯、詹姆斯"乔伊斯和威"巴"叶芝。

Geoffrey Chaucer:杰奥夫里"乔叟
One of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. He was claimed to be the father of English literature by later writers, and left a rich legacy for posterity.
英国最伟大的诗人之一，其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》是对英国文学发展影响最大的作品之一。他被后世作家尊为英国文学之父，为后世留下了丰富的、不朽的文学遗产。

Jonathan Swift:乔纳森"斯威夫特
An Anglo-Irish satirist and political pamphleteer, considered one of the greatest masters of English prose and one of the most impassioned satirists of human folly and pretension. His many pamphlets, prose, letters, and poetry were all marked by highly effective and economical language. Gulliver’s Travels, a satire as well as a children’s story, is his masterpiece.
一位爱尔兰讽刺文学家和政治小册子作者，被认为是英国散文诗上最伟大的大师之一，也是对人类愚行和伪饰最辛辣的讽刺者之一。他的许多政治小册子、散文篇目、信件和诗歌都以高效而简洁的语言著称。《格列佛游记》，一部儿童小说，是他的代表作。

Walter Scott:瓦尔特"斯科特
Scottish novelist and poet, whose work as a translator, editor, biographer, and critic, together with his novels and poems, made him one of the most prominent figures in English romanticism. His masterpieces include Ivanhoe, The Heart of the Midlothian, The Waverley, and The Lady of the Lake.
苏格兰小说家兼诗人，其翻译、编辑、传记文学和批评方面的作品与小说和诗歌一道使其成为英国浪漫主义时期最伟大的人物之一。他的代表作包括《伊凡赫》、《米德洛蒂恩监狱》、《威佛利》和《湖中夫人》。

Lake Poets:湖畔诗人
Term loosely applied to three English poets, Robert Southey, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and William Wordsworth (and sometimes Thomas De Quincey), who lived in the Lake District of England. The works of these poets had little relationship to one another, although each exemplified romantic principles in poetry.
一个比较随意的名词，指三位英国诗人罗伯特"骚塞、萨穆尔"泰勒"柯勒律治和威廉"华兹华斯（有时还包括托马斯"德昆西），他们住在英国的湖区。这些诗人的作品之间相互关系并不紧密，尽管都体现了浪漫主义创作原则。

John Keats:约翰"济慈
Major English poet, whose poetry describes the beauty of the natural world and art as the vehicle for his poetic imagination. His skill with poetic imagery and sound reproduces this sensuous experience for his reader. Among his greatest creation of art are Ode to a Nightingale, The Eve of St. Agnes, Hyperion and Endymion
英国大诗人，其诗作描述了自然界的美，以及作为他诗歌想象载体的艺术。他对于诗歌意象和音乐的技巧为读者栩栩如生地再现了这些感官经验。在她最伟大的作品中有《夜莺颂》、《圣艾格尼丝前夜》、《赫批里昂》与《恩迪弥翁》。

Lyrical Ballads:抒情歌谣集
This work, first published in 1798, is generally taken to mark the beginning of the Romantic Movement in English poetry. Wordsworth wrote almost all the poems in the volume, including the memorable “Tintern Abbey”; Coleridge contributed the famous “Rime of the Ancient Mariner.” Representing a revolt against the artificial classicism of contemporary English verse, Lyrical Ballads was greeted with hostility by most leading critics of the day.
这部作品第一次出版于1798年，通常被认为是英国浪漫主义诗歌的开端。华兹华斯创作了这部作品中的大部分诗篇，包括令人难忘的《丁顿教堂》。柯勒律治贡献了著名的《老水手之歌》。这部作品既代表了一种对当时英语诗歌的假造浮夸的新古典遗风的反叛，在当时也遭到了绝大多数权威批评认识的敌意对待。

Gulliver’s Travels:格列佛游记
The masterpiece of Jonathan Swift, which relates the adventures of Lemuel Gulliver, an English surgeon, who, in the first quarter of the 18th century, embarks on four voyages to unknown parts of the world. In his book, Swift designed these exotic lands and strange characters to reflect the England of his time, but, at the same time, his satire strikes so close to human nature that it is as relevant today.
乔纳森"斯威夫特的代表作，这部作品描述了勒穆埃尔"格列佛——一位英国外科医生——在18世纪上半叶前半期所进行的四次海上旅行，到过世界上不为人知的地方。在这本书中斯威夫特设计了遥远的国度和奇怪的角色，反映了他那个时代的英国，与此同时他对人类本性的讽刺是如此接近真实，以至于就是在今天，仍然是那样有意义。

The School for Scandal:造谣学校
A famous 18th-century play by Richard Sheridan about gossip, hypocrisy, and false sentimentality. In this drama nearly everybody hurts others and is themselves hurt by the invention and spread of scandalous gossip, which is a dept indictment of capitalistic society.
理查德"谢里丹著名的18世纪喜剧，讽刺了造谣生事、虚伪和矫情造作。在这出戏中几乎每个人都在伤害他人，自己也受到伤害，因而整出喜剧是对资本主义社会的强烈讽刺。

Ode to the West Wind:西风颂
One of the masterpieces in world literature produced by the great English romanticist poet Percy Bysshe Shelly. This poem takes the metaphor of the west wind as the revolutionary forces and predicts the forthcoming storm of revolution. The whole poem is permeated with passion, fervor and enthusiasm.
世界文学的经典作品之一，由伟大的英国浪漫主义诗人雪莱创作。这首诗采用了把革命力量比作西风的手法，预言了即将到来的革命风暴。整首诗充溢着激情与热情。

Jane Eyre:简爱
Whether viewed as a richly woven tapestry of feminine imagination, as a tableau of romanticism in the Victorian era, or as an early treatise on women's rights, Jane Eyre, the masterpiece of Charlotte Bronte, stands as a classic work of literature in the English-speaking world. As a romance, Jane Eyre extends the tradition of sentimental concern for common folk and harsh judgment of those who exploit them within an industrialized or class-stratified social order.
不管是看作女性想象的丰富卷轴，看作维多利亚时代浪漫主义的动人场面，还是当作女权的早期宣言，这部作品，夏洛特"勃朗台的代表作，都在英语世界的文学中成为无可争议的经典名作。作为一个浪漫故事，这部作品拓展了传统中对普通人不无伤感的关注，并对在工业化与阶级分层化的社会秩序中剥削下层人民的人进行了有力抨击。



简答题部分


The Eagle
This poem is written in 1851 in memory of Arthur H. Hallam, a bosom friend of Tennyson’s in the days of Cambridge, who had been engaged to Tennyson’s sister. Hallam had been an enthusiastic reader and critic of Tennyson’s poetry, and had great influence on the poet’s artistic creation. In 1833 Hallam died in Vienna of cerebral hemorrhage, which was definitely a great shock to Tennyson. In this lyrical poem, Tennyson portrays the image of an eagle dwelling on the mountains, which is undoubtedly Hallam. The poet meant to sing high praises of the integrity of his dead friend with this portrayal.
这首诗写于1851年，是为了纪念丁尼生剑桥时代的密友Arthur H. Hallam而创作的，此人曾与丁尼生的妹妹订婚。哈拉姆一直是丁尼生诗歌创作热情的读者和批评者，并对诗人的艺术创作有着极大的影响。1833年哈拉姆由于脑出血在维也纳去世，这对丁尼生来说不啻是晴天霹雳。在这首抒情小诗里，丁尼生塑造了一个高山雄鹰的形象，这无疑就是哈拉姆。诗人的意思是要借这幅图画歌颂亡友的不凡人品。

Gulliver’s Travels
First of all, this travel log reflects the various social conflicts concentrated in the early 18th British society, derisively attacking the darkness of the corrupt relations as shown in parliamentary, political party, judicial, monetary and cultural matters at that time. In this excerpt, the author delicately alludes to the political strife caused by the dispute in re-ligion throughout the 16th and the 17th England.
首先，这不旅行日志反映了集中于18世纪上半期英国社会的种种社会冲突，辛辣地讽刺了议会、政党、司法、金融和文化界的腐败与黑暗。在所选的这一节中，作者微妙地暗指16世纪和17世纪英国境内由宗教而起的政治争端。

Tom Jones
Through the descriptions given in this excerpt, we can see the hypocrisy and snobbery of the religious man and the so-called philosopher. What in fact are the virtues of Tom Jones become evil traits in their mouths. And furthermore, we can see that how genuinely good Tom Jones is as compared by the villainous Master Blifil.
通过这一段中给出的描述，我们可以看出这位宗教人士和所谓的哲学家的虚伪与势利。实际上汤姆身上完全是美德的东西到他们的嘴里就变成了邪恶的特征。此外我们还可以看到和卑劣的布利菲尔少爷相比汤姆琼斯的品质是多么高尚。

Adventures of a Shilling
From the excerpt given here we can clearly see that the author intends to mock the father the miser and the son the greedy at the same time. The father, who counts his coins every morning and evening, can certainly be said to be a miser, the fact of which is made more manifest by his act of locking them away form his son. However, his son is evil enough in his own right, who abandons his father and comes to the coins to reap his “fortune”.
从所给的一段中我们能清楚地看到作者意图既讽刺那位吝啬鬼父亲，也讽刺那个贪婪鬼儿子。父亲每天早晨和晚上都要数硬币，自然可以被称位吝啬鬼，这一事实可以从他都快要死了还是把硬币锁起来不传给儿子这一事实看得更清楚。然而他儿子自己也够厉害的，他抛弃了垂死的父亲，径自来到盛放硬币的箱子跟前，收获自己的“财富”。